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Professor, Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics

Member, California NanoSystems Institute, Immunity, Microbes & Molecular Pathogenesis GPB Home Area, Molecular Pharmacology GPB Home Area

Dr. Yang’s laboratory is interested in antiviral cellular immunity in HIV-infected individuals. The goals of this research are: to understand how the immune system keeps HIV-1 under control during asymptomatic infection, why this immunity eventually fails, and how the virus has developed mechanisms to avoid cellular immunity. These principles address important questions in understanding the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1, and have implications in immune therapies and vaccine development. In particular, Dr. Yang has studied the mechanisms of HIV suppression by HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which kill infected cells by recognizing viral peptides. His laboratory has demonstrated that CTL are potent killers of virus-infected cells and suppress HIV-1 replication through both killing and release of antiviral cytokines. Ongoing research is focused on the factors that influence the efficiency of the CTL. Further work in the laboratory is focused on the mechanisms contributing to immune failure to contain HIV-1. The virus has genes that interfere with immune recognition, and is able to mutate to become resistant to CTL, much in the same manner as against antiretroviral drugs. Using a system of cloned HIV-1-specific CTL and infected cells, these interactions are being studied by using these cells and genetic engineering of HIV-1 to alter specific functions of genes believed to affect the immune system. Other active projects in the laboratory include studies of: whether the route of vaccination (deltoid versus inguinal) differentially affects immunity in the mucosal compartment, long term immunologic sequelae of perinatal HIV-1 infection, strategies to address the “aging” and loss of CTL function due to chronic turnover in HIV-1 infection, characterization of immune responses in long term nonprogressors, antiviral activities of peptides produced by the innate immune system. In addition to these research interests, Dr. Yang is also a clinician who maintains an active clinical role in the Division of Infectious Diseases.

Otto Yang has been on faculty since 1999, and received his associate professorship in 2004 and full professorship in 2009. He is a physician-scientist with a background in clinical infectious diseases, and his laboratory specializes in T cell immunology in HIV infection. He received his bachelor and MD degrees from Brown University, with subsequent residency training at NYU-Bellevue Hospital, and subspecialty/postdoctoral training at Harvard-Massachusetts General Hospital. His research emphasizes basic science with clinical implications, and he has a joint appointment in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Department of Medicine. His current research interests include: mechanisms of HIV escape from T cells through mutation and through MHC downregulation, determinants of T cell antiviral function, HIV vaccine strategies, small molecule inhibitors of the HIV Nef protein, studies of long term nonprogressing HIV patients, generation of T cell receptors for gene therapy.

Liu Y, Du J, Yan M, Lau MY, Hu J, Han H, Yang OO, Liang S, Wei W, Wang H, Li J, Zhu X, Shi L, Chen W, Ji C, Lu Y Biomimetic enzyme nanocomplexes and their use as antidotes and preventive measures for alcohol intoxication. Nat Nanotechnol 2013; 8: 187-192. Bhattacharya D, Lewis MJ, Lassman B, Phan T, Yang OO Combination of Allele-Specific Detection Techniques to Quantify Minority Resistance Variants in Hepatitis B Infection: A Novel Approach. J Virol Meth 2013; in press: . Kelesidis T, Yang OO Kendall MA, Hodis HN, Currier JS Dysfunctional HDL and Progression of Atherosclerosis in HIV-1-Infected and -Uninfected Adults. Lipids in Health and Disease 2013; in press: . Vatakis DN, Arumugam B, Kim SG, Bristol G, Yang O, Zack JA Introduction of Exogenous T-Cell Receptors Into Human Hematopoietic Progenitors Results in Exclusion of Endogenous T-Cell Receptor Expression. Molec Therapy 2013; in press: . Kelesidis T, Kendall MA, Yang OO, Hodis H, Currier JS Perturbations of circulating levels of RANKL-Osteoprotegerin Axis in Relation to Lipids and Progression of Atherosclerosis in HIV-Infected and -Uninfected Adults: ACTG NWCS 332/A5078 Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; in press: . Wick WD, Yang OO Biologically-Directed Modeling Reflects Cytolytic Clearance of SIV-Infected Cells In Vivo in Macaques. PLoS One 2012; 7: 344778. Kelesidis T, Kendall MA, Yang OO, Hodis HN, Currier JS Biomarkers of Microbial Translocation and Macrophage Activation: Association With Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in HIV-1 Infection. J Inf Dis 2012; 206: 1558-67. Kløverpris H, Payne R, Sacha J, Rasaiyaah J, Chen F, Takiguchi M, Yang OO, Towers G, Goulder PJR, Prado J Early Antigen Presentation of Protective HIV-1 KF11Gag and KK10Gag Epitopes from Incoming Viral Particles Facilitates Rapid Recognition of Infected Cells by Specific CD8+ T Cells. J Virol 2012; in press: . Brennan CA, Ibarrondo FJ, Sugar CA, Hausner MA, Shih R, Ng HL, Detels R, Margolick JB, Rinaldo CR, Phair J, Jacobson LP, Yang OO, Jamieson BD Early HLA-B*57-Restricted CD8+ T Lymphocyte Responses Predict HIV-1 Disease Progression. J Virol 2012; 86: 10505-16. Kelesidis T, Reddy ST, Huynh D, Meriwether D, Fogelman AM, Navab M, Yang OO Effects of Lipid-Probe Interactions in Biochemical Fluorometric Methods that Assess HDL Redox Activity. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11: 87. Chen DY, Balamurugan A, Ng HL, Cumberland W, Yang OO Epitope Targeting and Viral Inoculum Are Determinants of Nef-Mediated Immune Evasion of HIV-1 from CTLs. Blood 2012; 120: 100-11. Zuo J, Suen J, Wong A, Lewis M, Ali A, Belzer M, Church J, Yang OO, Krogstad P. Functional Analysis of HIV-1 Nef Gene Variants from Adolescent and Adult Survivors of Perinatal Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retrov 2012; 28: 486-92. Candotti F, Shaw KL, Muul L, Carbonaro D, Sokolic R, Choi C, Shurman S, Garabedian E, Kesserwan C, Jagadeesh GJ, Dunbar CE, Tisdale JF, Weinberg KI, Crooks GM, Kapoor N, Shah A, Abdel-Azim H, Yu XJ, Smogorzewska M, Wayne AS, Rosenblatt HM, Davis CM, Hanson C, Rishi RG, Wang X, Gjertson D, Fu PY, Yang OO, Balamurugan A, Bauer G, Engel BC, Podsakoff GM, HershfieldM, Blaese RM, Parkman R, Kohn DB Gene Therapy for Adenosine Deaminase-Deficient Severe Combined Immune Deficiency: Clinical Comparison of Retroviral Vectors and Treatment Plans. Blood 2012; 120: 3635-46. Gossett DR, Tse HTK, Lee S, Ying Y, Lindgren AG, Yang OO, Rao JY, Clark AT, Di Carlo D Hydrodynamic stretching of single cells for large population mechanical phenotyping. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2012; 109: 7630-5. Lewis MJ, Lee P, Ng HL, Yang OO Immune Selection In Vitro Reveals HIV-1 Nef Sequence Motifs Important for Its Immune Evasion Function In Vivo. J Virol 2012; 86: 7126-35. Kitchen S, Levin BR, Rezek V, Kim S, Bristol G, Aguilera-Sandoval C, Balamurugan A, Yang OO, Zack JA In Vivo Suppression of HIV By Antigen-Specific T Cells Derived from Engineered Hematopoietic Stem Cells. PLoS Pathogens 2012; 8: e1002649. Lewis MJ, Dagarag M, Khan B, Ali A, Yang OO Partial Escape of HIV-1 from Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes During Chronic Infection. J Virol 2012; 76: 7459-63. Ibarrondo FJ, Wilson SB, Hultin LE, Shih R, Hausner MA, Hultin PM, Anton PA, Jamieson BD, Yang OO Preferential Depletion of Gut CD4-Expressing iNKT Cells Contributes to Systemic Immune Activation in HIV-1 Infection. Mucosal Immunol 2012; in press: . Kelesidis T, Currier JS, Huynh D, Meriwether D, Charles-Schoeman C, Reddy ST, Fogelman AM, Navab M, Yang OO A Biochemical Fluorometric Method for Assessing the Oxidative Properties of HDL. J Lipid Res 2011; 52: 2341-51. Kelesidis T, Humphries R, Ward K, Lewinsky M, Yang OO Combination Therapy with Daptomycin, Linezolid, Rifampin as Treatment Option for MRSA Meningitis and Bacteremia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 71: 286-90. Mothe B, Llano A, Ibaroondo J, Daniels M, Miranda C, Zamarreno J, Bach V, Zuniga R, Perez-Alvarez S, Berger CT, Puertas MC, Martinez-Picado J, Rolland M, Farfan M, Szinger JJ, Hildebrand WH, Yang OO, Sanchez-Merino V, Brumme CJ, Brumme ZL, Heckerman D, Allen TM, Mullins JI, Gomez G, Goulder PJ, Walker BD, Gatell JM, Clotet B, Korber BT, Sanchez J, Brander C Definition of the Viral Targets of Protective HIV-1-Specific T Cell Responses. J Trans Med 2011; 9: 208. Kelesidis Theodoros, Yang Otto Good’s syndrome remains a mystery after 55 years: A systematic review of the scientific evidence. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2010; . Shimizu Saki, Hong Patrick, Arumugam Balamurugan, Pokomo Lauren, Boyer Joshua, Koizumi Naoya, Kittipongdaja Panyamol, Chen Angela, Bristol Greg, Galic Zoran, Zack Jerome A, Yang Otto, Chen Irvin S Y, Lee Benhur, An Dong Sung A highly efficient short hairpin RNA potently down-regulates CCR5 expression in systemic lymphoid organs in the hu-BLT mouse model. Blood. 2009; . Yang Otto O Candidate vaccine sequences to represent intra- and inter-clade HIV-1 variation. PloS one. 2009; 4(10): e7388. Kitchen Scott G, Bennett Michael, Galić Zoran, Kim Joanne, Xu Qing, Young Alan, Lieberman Alexis, Joseph Aviva, Goldstein Harris, Ng Hwee, Yang Otto, Zack Jerome A Engineering antigen-specific T cells from genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells in immunodeficient mice. PloS one. 2009; 4(12): e8208. Cruz Justin De La, Ali Ayub, Ng Hwee L, Yang Otto O Disruption of an env tyrosine-dependent sorting signal does not affect susceptibility of HIV-1 to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AIDS (London, England). 2009; 23(11): 1449-51. Ali, Realegeno, Yang, Lewis Simultaneous assessment of CD4 and MHC-I downregulation by Nef primary isolates in the context of infection. Journal of virological methods. 2009; . Miller John P, Geng Yongzhi, Ng Hwee L, Yang Otto O, Krogstad Paul Packaging limits and stability of HIV-1 sequences in a coxsackievirus B vector. Vaccine. 2009; 27(30): 3992-4000. Yang Otto, Miller Patrick Straight talk with … Otto Yang and Patrick Miller. Interviewed by Kirsten Dorans. Nature medicine. 2009; 15(6): 592-3. Yang Otto O Assessing the antiviral activity of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2009; 485(5): 407-15. Wick W David, Gilbert Peter B, Yang Otto O Predicting the impact of blocking human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef in vivo. Journal of virology. 2009; 83(5): 2349-56. Galić Zoran, Kitchen Scott G, Subramanian Aparna, Bristol Greg, Marsden Matthew D, Balamurugan Arumugam, Kacena Amelia, Yang Otto, Zack Jerome A Generation of T lineage cells from human embryonic stem cells in a feeder free system. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio). 2009; 27(1): 100-7. Fauce Steven Russell, Jamieson Beth D, Chin Allison C, Mitsuyasu Ronald T, Parish Stan T, Ng Hwee L, Kitchen Christina M Ramirez, Yang Otto O, Harley Calvin B, Effros Rita B Telomerase-based pharmacologic enhancement of antiviral function of human CD8+ T lymphocytes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2008; 181(10): 7400-6. Anton Peter A, Ibarrondo F Javier, Boscardin W John, Zhou Ying, Schwartz Elissa J, Ng Hwee L, Hausner Mary Ann, Shih Roger, Elliott Julie, Hultin Patricia M, Hultin Lance E, Price Charles, Fuerst Marie, Adler Amy, Wong Johnson T, Yang Otto O, Jamieson Beth D Differential immunogenicity of vaccinia and HIV-1 components of a human recombinant vaccine in mucosal and blood compartments. Vaccine. 2008; 26(35): 4617-23. Hoji Aki, Coro Alfonso, Ng Hwee L, Jamieson Beth D, Yang Otto O Proliferation and foxp3 expression in virus-specific memory CD8+ T lymphocytes. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2008; 24(8): 1087-95. Yang Otto O Retracing our STEP towards a successful CTL-based HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccine. 2008; 26(25): 3138-41. Gregson Aric L, Hoji Aki, Saggar Rajan, Ross David J, Kubak Bernard M, Jamieson Beth D, Weigt S Samuel, Lynch Joseph P, Ardehali Abbas, Belperio John A, Yang Otto O Bronchoalveolar immunologic profile of acute human lung transplant allograft rejection. Transplantation. 2008; 85(7): 1056-9. Lewis Martha J, Balamurugan Arumugam, Ohno Ayako, Kilpatrick Stephanie, Ng Hwee L, Yang Otto O Functional adaptation of Nef to the immune milieu of HIV-1 infection in vivo. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2008; 180(6): 4075-81. Balamurugan Arumugam, Lewis Martha J, Kitchen Christina M R, Robertson Michael N, Shiver John W, Daar Eric S, Pitt Jacqueline, Ali Ayub, Ng Hwee L, Currier Judith S, Yang Otto O Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection during HIV-1 Gag vaccination. Journal of virology. 2008; 82(6): 2784-91. Bennett Michael S, Ng Hwee L, Ali Ayub, Yang Otto O Cross-clade detection of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes does not reflect cross-clade antiviral activity. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2008; 197(3): 390-7. Yang Otto O Aiming for successful vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AIDS (London, England). 2008; 22(3): 325-31. Fauce Steven R, Yang Otto O, Effros Rita B Autologous CD4/CD8 co-culture assay: a physiologically-relevant composite measure of CD8+ T lymphocyte function in HIV-infected persons. Journal of immunological methods. 2007; 327(1-2): 75-81. LeBreton Matthew, Yang Otto, Tamoufe Ubald, Mpoudi-Ngole Eitel, Torimiro Judith N, Djoko Cyrille F, Carr Jean K, Tassy Prosser A, Rimoin Anne W, Birx Deborah L, Burke Donald S, Wolfe Nathan D Exposure to wild primates among HIV-infected persons. Emerging infectious diseases. 2007; 13(10): 1579-82. Yang Otto O, Wilson S Brian, Hultin Lance E, Detels Roger, Hultin Patricia M, Ibarrondo F Javier, Jamieson Beth D Delayed reconstitution of CD4+ iNKT cells after effective HIV type 1 therapy. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2007; 23(7): 913-22. Schaubert Keri L, Price David A, Frahm Nicole, Li Jinzhu, Ng Hwee L, Joseph Aviva, Paul Elyse, Majumder Biswanath, Ayyavoo Velpandi, Gostick Emma, Adams Sharon, Marincola Francesco M, Sewell Andrew K, Altfeld Marcus, Brenchley Jason M, Douek Daniel C, Yang Otto O, Brander Christian, Goldstein Harris, Kan-Mitchell June Availability of a diversely avid CD8+ T cell repertoire specific for the subdominant HLA-A2-restricted HIV-1 Gag p2419-27 epitope.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2007; 178(12): 7756-66. Ching Natascha, Yang Otto O, Deville Jaime G, Nielsen-Saines Karin, Ank Bonnie J, Sim Myung-Shin, Bryson Yvonne J Pediatric HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses suggesting ongoing viral replication despite combination antiretroviral therapy. Pediatric research. 2007; 61(6): 692-7. Bennett Michael S, Ng Hwee L, Dagarag Mirabelle, Ali Ayub, Yang Otto O Epitope-dependent avidity thresholds for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clearance of virus-infected cells. Journal of virology. 2007; 81(10): 4973-80. Wang Qiuwei, Wang Wei, Zheng Junying, Tabibian Sina, Xie Yiming, Song Jun, Waring Alan J, Chiu Robert, Yang Otto O, Chen Irvin S Y, Lehrer Robert I, Pang Shen Paradoxical effects of two theta-defensins on HIV type 1 infection. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2007; 23(4): 508-14. Sacha Jonah B, Chung Chungwon, Rakasz Eva G, Spencer Sean P, Jonas Anna K, Bean Alexander T, Lee Wonhee, Burwitz Benjamin J, Stephany Jason J, Loffredo John T, Allison David B, Adnan Sama, Hoji Akihiko, Wilson Nancy A, Friedrich Thomas C, Lifson Jeffrey D, Yang Otto O, Watkins David I Gag-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes recognize infected cells before AIDS-virus integration and viral protein expression. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2007; 178(5): 2746-54. Adnan Sama, Balamurugan Arumugam, Trocha Alicja, Bennett Michael S, Ng Hwee L, Ali Ayub, Brander Christian, Yang Otto O Nef interference with HIV-1-specific CTL antiviral activity is epitope specific. Blood. 2006; 108(10): 3414-9. Zheng Junying, Xie Yiming, Campbell Richard, Song Jun, Wang Rose Q, Chiu Robert, Berenson James, Razi Miriam, Massachi Samira, Yang Otto O, Chen Irvin S Y, Pang Shen gp120-independent HIV infection of cells derived from the female reproductive tract, brain, and colon. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2006; 43(2): 127-36. Kan-Mitchell June, Bajcz Melissa, Schaubert Keri L, Price David A, Brenchley Jason M, Asher Tedi E, Douek Daniel C, Ng Hwee L, Yang Otto O, Rinaldo Charles R, Benito Jose Miguel, Bisikirska Brygida, Hegde Ramakrishna, Marincola Franco M, Boggiano César, Wilson Dianne, Abrams Judith, Blondelle Sylvie E, Wilson Darcy B Degeneracy and repertoire of the human HIV-1 Gag p17(77-85) CTL response. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2006; 176(11): 6690-701. Cole Amy L, Yang Otto O, Warren Andrew D, Waring Alan J, Lehrer Robert I, Cole Alexander M HIV-1 adapts to a retrocyclin with cationic amino acid substitutions that reduce fusion efficiency of gp41. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2006; 176(11): 6900-5. Ali Ayub, Yang Otto O A novel small reporter gene and HIV-1 fitness assay. Journal of virological methods. 2006; 133(1): 41-7. Pedroza-Martins Livia, Boscardin W John, Anisman-Posner Deborah J, Redsar Beverly N, Bryson Yvonne J, Yang Otto O, Uittenbogaart Christel H Interferon-gamma decreases replication of primary R5 HIV-1 isolates in thymocytes. AIDS (London, England). 2006; 20(6): 939-42. Jamieson Beth D, Ibarrondo F Javier, Wong Johnson T, Hausner Mary Ann, Ng Hwee L, Fuerst Marie, Price Charles, Shih Roger, Elliott Julie, Hultin Patricia M, Hultin Lance E, Anton Peter A, Yang Otto O Transience of vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific CTL and definition of vaccine “response”. Vaccine. 2006; 24(17): 3426-31. Yang Otto O, Church Joseph, Kitchen Christina M R, Kilpatrick Ryan, Ali Ayub, Geng Yongzhi, Killian M Scott, Sabado Rachel Lubong, Ng Hwee, Suen Jeffrey, Bryson Yvonne, Jamieson Beth D, Krogstad Paul Genetic and stochastic influences on the interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in identical twins. Journal of virology. 2005; 79(24): 15368-75. Ali Ayub, Ng Hwee L, Dagarag Mirabelle D, Yang Otto O Evasion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes is a functional constraint maintaining HIV-1 Nef expression.European journal of immunology. 2005; 35(11): 3221-8. Wick W David, Yang Otto O, Corey Lawrence, Self Steven G How many human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected target cells can a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte kill?. Journal of virology. 2005; 79(21): 13579-86. Yang Otto O, Ferbas John J, Hausner Mary Ann, Hultin Lance E, Hultin Patricia M, McFadden David, Sawicki Mark, Detels Roger, Majchrowicz Martin, Matud Jose L, Giorgi Janis V, Jamieson Beth D Effects of HIV-1 infection on lymphocyte phenotypes in blood versus lymph nodes. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2005; 39(5): 507-18. Killian M Scott, Sabado Rachel Lubong, Kilpatrick Stephanie, Hausner Mary Ann, Jamieson Beth D, Yang Otto O Clonal breadth of the HIV-1-specific T-cell receptor repertoire in vivo as determined by subtractive analysis. AIDS (London, England). 2005; 19(9): 887-96. Zheng Junying, Xie Yiming, Campbell Richard, Song Jun, Massachi Samira, Razi Miriam, Chiu Robert, Berenson James, Yang Otto O, Chen Irvin S Y, Pang Shen Involvement of claudin-7 in HIV infection of CD4(-) cells. Retrovirology. 2005; 2(1): 79. Ibarrondo F Javier, Anton Peter A, Fuerst Marie, Ng Hwee L, Wong Johnson T, Matud Jose, Elliott Julie, Shih Roger, Hausner Mary Ann, Price Charles, Hultin Lance E, Hultin Patricia M, Jamieson Beth D, Yang Otto O Parallel human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses in blood and mucosa during chronic infection. Journal of virology. 2005; 79(7): 4289-97. Yang Otto O, Lin Holly, Dagarag Mirabelle, Ng Hwee L, Effros Rita B, Uittenbogaart Christel H Decreased perforin and granzyme B expression in senescent HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Virology. 2005; 332(1): 16-9. Sabado Rachel Lubong, Kilpatrick Stephanie, Ali Ayub, Dagarag Mirabelle, Ng Hwee L, Cao Huyen, Yang Otto O Detection of HIV-1-specific CTL responses in Clade B infection with Clade C Peptides and not Clade B consensus peptides. Journal of immunological methods. 2005; 296(1-2): 1-10. Yang Otto O, Daar Eric S, Jamieson Beth D, Balamurugan Arumugam, Smith Davey M, Pitt Jacqueline A, Petropoulos Christos J, Richman Douglas D, Little Susan J, Brown Andrew J Leigh Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B superinfection: evidence for differential immune containment of distinct clade B strains. Journal of virology. 2005; 79(2): 860-8. Zheng Jun, Yang Otto O, Xie Yiming, Campbell Richard, Chen Irvin S Y, Pang Shen Ethanol stimulation of HIV infection of oral epithelial cells. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2004; 37(4): 1445-53. Norris Philip J, Moffett Howell F, Yang Otto O, Kaufmann Daniel E, Clark Margaret J, Addo Marylyn M, Rosenberg Eric S Beyond help: direct effector functions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CD4(+) T cells. Journal of virology. 2004; 78(16): 8844-51. Lubong Rachel, Ng Hwee L, Uittenbogaart Christel H, Yang Otto O Culturing of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes with interleukin-7 and interleukin-15.Virology. 2004; 325(2): 175-80. Yang Otto O CTL ontogeny and viral escape: implications for HIV-1 vaccine design. Trends in immunology. 2004; 25(3): 138-42. Ali Ayub, Lubong Rachel, Ng Hwee, Brooks David G, Zack Jerome A, Yang Otto O Impacts of epitope expression kinetics and class I downregulation on the antiviral activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Journal of virology. 2004; 78(2): 561-7. Killian M Scott, Monteiro Joanita, Matud Jose, Hultin Lance E, Hausner Mary Ann, Yang Otto O, Gregersen Peter K, Detels Roger, Giorgi Janis V, Jamieson Beth D Persistent alterations in the T-cell repertoires of HIV-1-infected and at-risk uninfected men. AIDS (London, England). 2004; 18(2): 161-70. Jamieson Beth D, Yang Otto O, Hultin Lance, Hausner Mary Ann, Hultin Patricia, Matud Jose, Kunstman Kevin, Killian Scott, Altman John, Kommander Kristina, Korber Bette, Giorgi Janis, Wolinsky Steven Epitope escape mutation and decay of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CTL responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003; 171(10): 5372-9. Ali Ayub, Pillai Satish, Ng Hwee, Lubong Rachel, Richman Douglas D, Jamieson Beth D, Ding Yan, McElrath M Juliana, Guatelli John C, Yang Otto O Broadly increased sensitivity to cytotoxic T lymphocytes resulting from Nef epitope escape mutations. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003; 171(8): 3999-4005. Yang Otto O, Sarkis Phuong T Nguyen, Trocha Alicja, Kalams Spyros A, Johnson R Paul, Walker Bruce D Impacts of avidity and specificity on the antiviral efficiency of HIV-1-specific CTL. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003; 171(7): 3718-24. Münk Carsten, Wei Ge, Yang Otto O, Waring Alan J, Wang Wei, Hong Teresa, Lehrer Robert I, Landau Nathaniel R, Cole Alexander M The theta-defensin, retrocyclin, inhibits HIV-1 entry. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2003; 19(10): 875-81. Shacklett Barbara L, Yang Otto, Hausner Mary Ann, Elliott Julie, Hultin Lance, Price Charles, Fuerst Marie, Matud Jose, Hultin Patricia, Cox Catherine, Ibarrondo Javier, Wong Johnson T, Nixon Douglas F, Anton Peter A, Jamieson Beth D Optimization of methods to assess human mucosal T-cell responses to HIV infection. Journal of immunological methods. 2003; 279(1-2): 17-31. Munk, C. Wei, G. Yang, O. O. Waring, A. J. Wang, W. Hong, T. Lehrer, R. I. Landau, N. R. Cole, A. M. The theta-defensin, retrocyclin, inhibits HIV-1 entry. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2003; 19(10): 875-81. Ali Ayub, Jamieson Beth D, Yang Otto O Half-genome human immunodeficiency virus type 1 constructs for rapid production of reporter viruses. Journal of virological methods. 2003; 110(2): 137-42. Yang Otto O, Sarkis Phuong Thi Nguyen, Ali Ayub, Harlow Jason D, Brander Christian, Kalams Spyros A, Walker Bruce D Determinant of HIV-1 mutational escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine. 2003; 197(10): 1365-75. Dagarag Mirabelle, Ng Hwee, Lubong Rachel, Effros Rita B, Yang Otto O Differential impairment of lytic and cytokine functions in senescent human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Journal of virology. 2003; 77(5): 3077-83. Severino Michael E, Sarkis Phuong Thi Nguyen, Walker Bruce D, Yang Otto O Chimeric immune receptor T cells bypass class I requirements and recognize multiple cell types relevant in HIV-1 infection. Virology. 2003; 306(2): 371-5. Yang Otto O Will we be able to ‘spot’ an effective HIV-1 vaccine?. Trends in immunology. 2003; 24(2): 67-72. Cole Alexander M, Liao Hsiang-I, Ganz Tomas, Yang Otto O Antibacterial activity of peptides derived from envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1. FEBS letters. 2003; 535(1-3): 195-9. Gurney Kevin B, Yang Otto O, Wilson S Brian, Uittenbogaart Christel H TCR gamma delta+ and CD161+ thymocytes express HIV-1 in the SCID-hu mouse, potentially contributing to immune dysfunction in HIV infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002; 169(9): 5338-46. Yang Otto O, Boscardin W John, Matud Jose, Hausner Mary Ann, Hultin Lance E, Hultin Patricia M, Shih Roger, Ferbas John, Siegal Frederick P, Shodell Michael, Shearer Gene M, Grene Edith, Carrington Mary, O’Brien Steve, Price Charles B, Detels Roger, Jamieson Beth D, Giorgi Janis V Immunologic profile of highly exposed yet HIV type 1-seronegative men. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2002; 18(14): 1051-65. Chow Yen-Hung, Yu Duan, Zhang Jun-Ying, Xie Yiming, Wei O Lu-Chen, Chiu Christopher, Foroohar Mani, Yang Otto O, Park No-Hee, Chen Irvin S Y, Pang Shen gp120-Independent infection of CD4(-) epithelial cells and CD4(+) T-cells by HIV-1. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2002; 30(1): 1-8. Yang Otto O, Garcia-Zepeda Eduardo A, Walker Bruce D, Luster Andrew D Monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (CC chemokine ligand 8) inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 via CC chemokine receptor 5. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2002; 185(8): 1174-8. Yang Otto O, Nguyen Phuong Thi, Kalams Spyros A, Dorfman Tanya, Göttlinger Heinrich G, Stewart Sheila, Chen Irvin S Y, Threlkeld Steven, Walker Bruce D Nef-mediated resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Journal of virology. 2002; 76(4): 1626-31. Cole Alexander M, Hong Teresa, Boo Lee Ming, Nguyen Tung, Zhao Chengquan, Bristol Greg, Zack Jerome A, Waring Alan J, Yang Otto O, Lehrer Robert I Retrocyclin: a primate peptide that protects cells from infection by T- and M-tropic strains of HIV-1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002; 99(4): 1813-8. Yang, OO Racke, FK Nguyen, PT Gausling, R Severino, ME Horton, HF Byrne, MC Strominger, JL Wilson, SB CD1d on myeloid dendritic cells stimulates cytokine secretion from and cytolytic activity of V alpha 24J alpha Q T cells: a feedback mechanism for immune regulation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) . 2000; 165(7): 3756-62. Severino, ME Sipsas, NV Nguyen, PT Kalams, SA Walker, BD Johnson, RP Yang, OO Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Journal of virology. . 2000; 74(14): 6695-9. Yang OO, Nguyen PT, Gausling R, Severino ME, Horton HF, Byrne MC, Strominger JL, Racke FR, Wilson SB CD1d on myeloid dendritic cells stimulates cytokine secretion from and cytolytic activity of V alpha 24 J alpha Q T cells: a lytic feedback mechanism for immune regulation. Journal of Immunology 2000; 165: 3756- 3762. Rusconi, S. Merrill, D. P. La Seta Catamancio, S. Citterio, P. Bulgheroni, E. Croce, F. Chou, T. C. Yang, O. O. Herrmann, S. H. Galli, M. Hirsch, M. S. In vitro inhibition of HIV-1 by Met-SDF-1beta alone or in combination with antiretroviral drugs. Antivir Ther. 2000; 5(3): 199-204. Brander, C Yang, OO Jones, NG Lee, Y Goulder, P Johnson, RP Trocha, A Colbert, D Hay, C Buchbinder, S Bergmann, CC Zweerink, HJ Wolinsky, S Blattner, WA Kalams, SA Walker, BD Efficient processing of the immunodominant, HLA-A*0201-restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope despite multiple variations in the epitope flanking sequences. 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